Major Parts of a Neuron

The cell body, or soma, is the central part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. It is responsible for maintaining the cell's health and metabolic functions.

Dendrites are branching extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons. They act as the input structures of the neuron, collecting information and transmitting it to the cell body.

The axon is a long, slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. It is the primary transmission line of the neuron.

Axon terminals are the ends of the axon where it makes synaptic contacts with other neurons or effector cells. They release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

The synapse is the junction between two neurons where information is transmitted from one neuron to another. It consists of the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron.

Neurotransmitter vesicles are small sacs in the axon terminals that store neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse.

Receptors are proteins on the postsynaptic neuron that bind to neurotransmitters, initiating a response in the neuron. 

Myelin Sheath (a fatty layer that insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission).

Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated).