Module 3: Expectations
Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, typically ranging from ages 10 to 19. It is characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. Adolescents seek to form their own identity and gain independence from their parents while still needing guidance and support.
Puberty and Changes in the Brain and Sexuality
Puberty: This period involves biological changes such as the development of secondary sexual characteristics, growth spurts, and hormonal changes. For girls, it includes menarche (the first menstrual period), and for boys, it involves the production of sperm.
Brain Changes: Significant development occurs in the prefrontal cortex (responsible for decision-making and impulse control) and the limbic system (involved in emotions and rewards). This can result in increased risk-taking behaviors.
Sexuality: Adolescents develop a deeper understanding of their sexual identity and orientation. This period often includes the initiation of romantic relationships and sexual activity.
Adolescent Problems Related to Health, Substance Use, and Eating Disorders
Health: Adolescents may face issues such as obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders are serious conditions that involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food.
Substance Use and Abuse: Experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and drugs is common. This can lead to substance abuse and addiction.
Mental Health: Depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues can emerge or become more pronounced during adolescence.
Cognitive Changes in Adolescence: Adolescents experience improvements in abstract thinking, problem-solving, and logical reasoning. This stage, often described by Piaget as the formal operational stage, allows them to think hypothetically and consider future possibilities.
Influence of Schools on Adolescent Development: Schools play a crucial role in adolescents' cognitive and social development. They provide academic challenges, social interactions, and extracurricular activities that help shape adolescents' identities and future aspirations.
Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development in Adolescence
Self-Identity: Adolescents explore different roles and ideas to develop a sense of self. Erikson termed this stage as "identity vs. role confusion."
Religious/Spiritual Development: Many adolescents explore their beliefs and values, often questioning or reaffirming their religious or spiritual beliefs.
Changes in Parent-Adolescent Relationships: During adolescence, the parent-child relationship typically evolves from one of dependency to one of mutual respect and independence. Conflicts may arise as adolescents seek autonomy, but supportive parenting remains crucial.
Changes in Peer Relationships: Peer relationships become increasingly important during adolescence. Friendships provide emotional support and opportunities for social learning. Adolescents may also experience peer pressure and the need for acceptance.
Cultural Influences on Adolescent Development: Culture shapes adolescents' values, beliefs, and behaviors. It influences their identity development, social roles, and the expectations placed upon them by society.
Adolescent Socio-Emotional Problems and Strategies for Help: Adolescents may face socio-emotional issues such as bullying, peer pressure, and identity crises. Interventions include counseling, support groups, and educational programs to build resilience and coping skills.
Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood: This transition, often termed "emerging adulthood," typically spans ages 18 to 25. It involves gaining independence, exploring career options, and establishing personal relationships.
Physical Development in Young Adults: Young adults experience peak physical performance and health. However, lifestyle choices during this period can impact long-term health.
Sexuality in Young Adults: Sexuality continues to develop, with young adults typically engaging in more stable and intimate relationships. Issues related to sexual health and contraceptive use are also prominent.
Cognitive Changes in Early Adulthood: Cognitive abilities continue to develop, with young adults often achieving greater expertise and problem-solving skills.
Postformal thought, which involves understanding the complexity and relativism of situations, becomes more prominent.
Career and Work in Early Adulthood: Career development is a major focus, involving job exploration, skill acquisition, and establishing a work-life balance. Young adults often strive for job stability and career advancement.
Stability and Change in Temperament and Adult Attachment Styles
Temperament: Early temperament can influence adult behavior, but experiences and environment also play significant roles in shaping personality.
Attachment Styles: Secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment styles formed in childhood can impact adult relationships. Secure attachment typically leads to healthier relationships.
Love and Close Relationships: Love and relationships are central to early adulthood, with individuals forming deep, committed partnerships. Sternberg's triangular theory of love includes intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Adult Lifestyles: Lifestyles in early adulthood vary widely, including singlehood, cohabitation, marriage, and parenthood. Each lifestyle has unique challenges and rewards.
Making Marriages Work, Parenting, and Divorce: Successful marriages often involve effective communication, conflict resolution, and shared values. Parenting requires adaptation and support, while divorce can significantly impact all family members.
Gender and Communication in Relationships: Gender differences in communication styles can influence relationship dynamics. Understanding and adapting to these differences can improve relationship satisfaction.