Module 3 Part 2: Biology and Issues
Gonads are the sex glands (ovaries in females and testes in males) that produce gametes (eggs and sperm) and secrete sex hormones.
Example: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, while the testes produce testosterone.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
• Example: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, while estrogen and testosterone influence sexual development and behavior.
Menarche is the first menstrual period, signaling the onset of reproductive capability in females.
Example: Menarche typically occurs between ages 9 and 15.
Puberty is the developmental stage during which a person undergoes physical and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity.
Example: Changes during puberty include the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development in girls and facial hair in boys.
Brain Changes: Significant development occurs in the prefrontal cortex (responsible for decision-making and impulse control) and the limbic system (involved in emotions and rewards). This can result in increased risk-taking behaviors.
Sexuality: Adolescents develop a deeper understanding of their sexual identity and orientation. This period often includes the initiation of romantic relationships and sexual activity.
Adolescent Problems Related to Health, Substance Use, and Eating Disorders
Health: Adolescents may face issues such as obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders are serious conditions that involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food.
Substance Use and Abuse: Experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and drugs is common. This can lead to substance abuse and addiction.
Mental Health: Depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues can emerge or become more pronounced during adolescence.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to restricted food intake and excessive weight loss.
Example: Individuals with anorexia nervosa may severely limit their food intake and exercise excessively to maintain a low body weight.
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.
Example: Someone with bulimia nervosa may eat a large amount of food in a short period and then induce vomiting to avoid weight gain.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
Example: Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV/AIDS.